The Changing South is very different than Santa Clarita, California.
The population of the Changing South is predominantly African-American.
Santa Clarita's popluation according to the census of 2000, the racial makeup of the city was 59.02% Non-Latino/Non-Hispanic White, 20.50% Hispanic or Latino of any race, 8.54% from other races, 5.24% Asian, 3.89% from two or more races, 2.07% African American, 0.59% Native American, 0.15% Pacific Islander.
The Changing South shifted from agrarian to industrial. Santa Clarita is predominantly service oriented with 42% of its' businesses serving the community.
Poverty persists in many areas of the Changing South and Santa Clarita has its' own share of poverty as well. The Global economy has impacted all of the world and it is no different here in Santa Clarita, California.
According to a 2007 estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $79,004, and the median income for a family was $91,450. Males had a median income of $53,769 versus $36,835 for females. The per capita income for the city was $26,841. 6.4% of the population and 4.7% of families were below the poverty line. 6.7% of those under the age of 18 and 5.9% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Clarita,_California
History of Slavery in America 
Follow the timeline to learn more about the history of slavery in the United States, including the arrival of the first African slaves to America, the federal banishment of slave importation, and the abolishment of slavery in the United States.
- 1615
- 1619 The first African slaves arrive in Virginia.
- 1620
- 1785
- 1787 Slavery is made illegal in the Northwest Territory. The U.S Constitution states that Congress may not ban the slave trade until 1808.
- 1790
- 1793 Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin greatly increases the demand for slave labor.
- 1793 A federal fugitive slave law is enacted, providing for the return slaves who had escaped and crossed state lines.
- 1795
- 1800
- 1800 Gabriel Prosser, an enslaved African American blacksmith, organizes a slave revolt intending to march on Richmond, Virginia. The conspiracy is uncovered, and Prosser and a number of the rebels are hanged. Virginia's slave laws are consequently tightened.
- 1805
- 1808 Congress bans the importation of slaves from Africa.
- 1810
- 1815
- 1820
- 1820 The Missouri Compromise bans slavery north of the southern boundary of Missouri.
- 1822 Denmark Vesey, an enslaved African American carpenter who had purchased his freedom, plans a slave revolt with the intent to lay siege on Charleston, South Carolina. The plot is discovered, and Vesey and 34 coconspirators are hanged.
- 1831 Nat Turner, an enslaved African American preacher, leads the most significant slave uprising in American history. He and his band of followers launch a short, bloody, rebellion in Southampton County, Virginia. The militia quells the rebellion, and Turner is eventually hanged. As a consequence, Virginia institutes much stricter slave laws.
- 1831 William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing the Liberator, a weekly paper that advocates the complete abolition of slavery. He becomes one of the most famous figures in the abolitionist movement.
- 1846 The Wilmot Proviso, introduced by Democratic representative David Wilmot of Pennsylvania, attempts to ban slavery in territory gained in the Mexican War. The proviso is blocked by Southerners, but continues to enflame the debate over slavery.
- 1849 Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery and becomes one of the most effective and celebrated leaders of the Underground Railroad.
- 1850 The continuing debate whether territory gained in the Mexican War should be open to slavery is decided in the Compromise of 1850: California is admitted as a free state, Utah and New Mexico territories are left to be decided by popular sovereignty, and the slave trade in Washington, DC is prohibited. It also establishes a much stricter fugitive slave law than the original, passed in 1793.
- 1852 Harriet Beecher Stowe's novel, Uncle Tom's Cabin is published. It becomes one of the most influential works to stir anti-slavery sentiments.
- 1854 Congress passes the Kansas-Nebraska Act, establishing the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. The legislation repeals the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and renews tensions between anti- and proslavery factions.
- 1857 The Dred Scott case holds that Congress does not have the right to ban slavery in states and, furthermore, that slaves are not citizens.
- 1859 John Brown and 21 followers capture the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Va. (now W. Va.), in an attempt to launch a slave revolt.
- 1860
- 1861 The Confederacy is founded when the deep South secedes, and the Civil War begins.
- 1863 President Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation, declaring "that all persons held as slaves" within the Confederate state "are, and henceforward shall be free."
- 1865
- 1865 The Civil War ends. Lincoln is assassinated. The Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery throughout the United States. On June 19 slavery in the United States effectively ended when 250,000 slaves in Texas finally received the news that the Civil War had ended two months earlier.
- 1870
Religion is important in the Changing South and evangelical Protestant religions are predominant.
Santa Clarita is predominantly Christian, however large numbers of all religious beliefs are practiced in Santa Clarita.
This website has a vast listing of places to worship.
Poverty hits high among city suburbs
REPORT: Economic woes strain social services in Antelope, San Fernando valleys.
Posted: 10/06/2010 06:27:49 PM PDT
Updated: 10/06/2010 07:08:23 PM PDT
Once a haven where people moved to pursue the American Dream, the nation's suburbs are experiencing a dramatic spike in poverty among working-age residents, straining social services traditionally geared to the inner-city poor.
A pair of analyses released today by the nonprofit Brookings Institution paint a bleak economic picture for the nation's 100 largest metropolitan areas, where the poverty rate is projected to hit 15 percent in the coming years.
More startling, however, was a finding that suburbs - including those in the San Fernando, Santa Clarita and Antelope valleys - are bearing the brunt of the increase.
"The (social service) providers in the San Fernando Valley that we spoke to all reported significant increases in people seeking help and many of them said this is a trend that has been going on for some time," said Scott W. Allard, an associate professor at the University of Chicago and co-author of the report titled "Strained Suburbs."
"Actually, since the 2001 recession ended, there has been steadily increasing need for many of them. The needs have been more acute in the recent recession, but rising needs in suburban areas of Los Angeles have been a reality for many years."
From 1999 to 2009, the number of people living below the federal poverty line ($21,954 for a family of four) swelled by 26 percent nationally, with two-thirds of that growth occurring in the suburbs, according to the second report, "The
Great Recession and Poverty in Metropolitan America."
In the suburbs of Los Angeles, Long Beach and Santa Ana, the number of impoverished residents increased from 10.5 percent in 2007 to 12 percent last year.
Allard attributed the increase in poverty to the collapse of the housing market and resulting recession, along with an influx of immigrants to the suburbs.
"The fight against poverty lost considerable ground in the 2000s," said Elizabeth Kneebone, a senior research associate at the institute and author of the second report.
"Now, suburban communities with limited experience in helping struggling families are increasingly on the front lines of that fight, as many people who had gained a toehold on the economic ladder in more prosperous years fell behind during the course of this economically turbulent decade."
But even as the poverty rate was increasing in the suburbs, the researchers found it decreased in Los Angeles city and countywide.
Using Census Bureau data, Allard found that the number of poor people in Los Angeles County decreased from 1.7 million in 2000 to 1.5 million in 2008 - just as the recession was taking hold. The city of Los Angeles experienced a similar drop in impoverished residents, from 801,050 in 2000 to 697,232 eight years later.
However, the High Desert city of Lancaster saw a whopping 64 percent spike in impoverished residents during that time, from 18,239 to 29,837. Santa Clarita saw its poverty numbers increase 28 percent, from 9,552 to 12,205.
Brenda Crawford, executive director of the Santa Clarita Valley Food Pantry, said the clientele has soared from about 1,000 in 2002 to 6,500 last year. Most of that increase occurred since 2007.
"Even though we are considered an affluent community, there are pockets of poverty all throughout the Santa Clarita Valley," Crawford said.
"I'd say more than half of our new clients are people who have lost their jobs, either one or both spouses. A lot of times the pressures of a spouse losing their job is so frustrating that we've seen many cases where the family will break up."
As a result, Crawford said many single mothers are coming to the food pantry.
"We have single moms who maybe haven't worked for a while or worked part-time and really don't make enough to support their children," Crawford said. "Nevertheless, they are now faced with the responsibility of putting food on the table for the entire family."
Barbara Howell, executive director of the Burbank Temporary Aid Center, said the nonprofit agency has always helped "struggling, working-class people" who are underemployed or under-educated.
"We now have a growing number of people who have never had to ask for help before," Howell said. "Some have been our donors and now they are coming to us and are embarrassed that they have to ask."
The second report, also based on census data, found that suburban residents accounted for more than 37 percent of the nationwide increase in the number of poor people since 2007.
In recent decades, millions of Americans at all income levels moved to the suburbs looking for better schools, better jobs, affordable housing and a sense of stability, Allard said. But many have lost jobs and watched their incomes drop.
Santa Clarita Valley Food Pantry
24133 Railroad Avenue
Newhall, CA 91321
Map
Belinda Crawford, Executive Director
Phone (661) 255-9078
Fax (661) 255-2331
Hours: Monday through Thursday 9:00 until Noon
Seniors only: 3rd Friday, 9:00 until Noon
Working clients only: 1st Saturday, 10:00 until Noon
Our Mission
The mission of the Santa Clarita Valley Food Pantry is to alleviate hunger throughout the Santa Clarita Valley. We accomplish this with a dynamic group of volunteers who source donations, package nutritious food to stretch a family's food supply and distribute that food to qualifying residents in the Santa Clarita Valley.
Watch more about our work.
Our Vision
The Santa Clarita Valley Food Pantry exists to:
- meet the current and future hunger needs of our neighbors in need
- ensure client self-sufficiency through active partnerships with other Santa Clarita organizations
With poverty comes lack of education, and lack of medical care. Poverty is in Santa Clarita and in the Changing South.
National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day
AIDS / HIV Blog
By
Mark Cichocki, R.N., AIDS / HIV Guide
Saturday February 6, 2010
December 7, 2010 is National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day. African Americans are disproportionately affected by HIV/AIDS. While making up only 13 percent of the U.S. population, they account for more than 49 percent of AIDS cases. AIDS is now the leading cause of death for African American women ages 25 to 34, and the second leading cause of death for African American men ages 35 to 44. This year marks the tenth year of National Black HIV/AIDS Awareness Day. Organizations celebrate the day in hopes of raising awareness of the problem of HIV/AIDS in the African American community.
http://aids.about.com/b/2010/02/06/national-black-hivaids-awareness-day.html
The Changing South has Hurricanes while Santa Clarita has Earthquakes. Hurricane Katrina was the most destructive hurricane to ever strike the United States.
HURRICANE KATRINA — MOST DESTRUCTIVE HURRICANE EVER TO STRIKE THE U.S.
On August 28, 2005, Hurricane Katrina was in the Gulf of Mexico where it powered up to a Category 5 storm on the Saffir-Simpson hurricane scale packing winds estimated at 175 mph.
Although Katrina will be recorded as the most destructive storm in terms of economic losses, it did not exceed the human losses in storms such as the Galveston Hurricane of 1900, which killed as many as 6,000-12,000 people, and led to almost complete destruction of coastal Galveston. (Click image on left for high resolution version.)
Hurricane Andrew, in 1992, cost approximately $21 billion in insured losses (in today's dollars), whereas estimates from the insurance industry as of late August 2006, have reached approximately $60 billion in insured losses (including flood damage) from Katrina. The storm could cost the Gulf Coast states as much as an estimated $125 billion.
Hundreds of NOAA employees from many divisions of the agency were involved with Hurricane Katrina, which involved forecasting the storm; surveying and clearing waterways; responding to oil and chemical spills; and testing fisheries.
During the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, the NOAA P-3 turboprop aircraft flew around and into 11 named storms—including Katrina—accounting for 73 missions, which translates into 480 flight hours. The P-3s also flew into the eyewall of the storms 109 times.
NOAA’s Gulfstream IV jet flew 50 missions, for a total 389 flight hours.
NOAA’s Citation aircraft flew 50 aerial photography missions after Hurricanes Katrina, Ophelia and Rita, which amounted to 105 flight hours and thousands of high resolution photos of the storms’ damage.
Southeast Climate Change
Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Tennessee, Kentucky, Virginia, North Carolina and South Carolina
Information from the U.S. Global Change Research Program, June, 2009
Heat, Stronger Hurricanes and Drought
The Southeast climate region includes: Louisiana, Arkansas, Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee and Georgia. The average annual temperature of this region has risen 2° Fahrenheit since 1970, with the strongest temperature increase occurring in the winter months.
Seasonal precipitation is changing dramatically in this region. Fall precipitation over most of the region is up about 30 percent with only a small decrease in South Florida. Summer precipitation has decreased in most areas and during the past three decades there have been several severe droughts. Across the region the amount of precipitation that falls in the form of a heavy downpour is up.
The increase in average temperature is expected to continue with the greatest increases occurring in summer. The magnitude of rise is expected to be between 4.5° and 9° Fahrenheit. The frequency of very hot days is expected to increase.
Sea level has been rising over the past few decades and this trend is expected to accelerate. The result will be shoreline retreat and inundation of inland areas. Rising sea temperatures are expected to increase the frequency and strength of hurricanes. Stronger storms with higher wind speeds, more intense rainfall and more powerful surges are expected to cause a lot more damage.
Hurricane Intensity & Storm Surge Get Worse
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| Sea-level rise and the likely increase in hurricane intensity and associated storm surge will be among the most serious consequences of climate change. Low-lying areas, including some communities, will be inundated more frequently – some permanently – by the advancing sea. Current buildings and infrastructure were not designed to withstand the intensity of the projected storm surge, which would cause catastrophic damage. If sea-level rise increases at an accelerated rate (dependent upon ice sheet response to warming) a large portion of the Southeast coastal zone could be threatened. |
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http://www.katrina.noaa.gov/
Santa Clarita was hit by the Northridge Earthquake on January 17, 1994. My house shook pretty hard and I had a lot of broken dishes. It was devastating knowing that the roads and highways collapsed and most residents were not able to go to work including me. I used the metrolink for three months. Santa Clarita is approximately 20 miles north of Northridge, California.
The January 17, 1994 Northridge, CA Earthquake
An EQE Summary Report, March 1994
Map of the epicentral area.
Executive Summary
Introduction
At 4:31 A.M., Pacific Standard Time, on Monday, January 17, a moderate but very damaging earthquake with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 6.7 struck the densely populated San Fernando Valley, in northern Los Angeles. This region has been repeatedlyrocked by moderate to large earthquakes throughout recorded history. Thousands of aftershocks, many in the magnitude 4.0 to 5.0 range, occurred during the next few weeks, further damaging already-affected structures.
The death toll was 57, and more than 1,500 people were seriously injured. A few days after the earthquake, 9,000 homes and businesses were still without electricity; 20,000 were without gas; and more than 48,500 had little or no water. About 12,500 structures were moderately to severely damaged, leaving thousands of people temporarily homeless. Of the 66,546 buildings inspected, 6% were severely damaged (red tagged) and 17% were moderately damaged (yellow tagged). In addition, damage to several major freeways serving Los Angeles choked the traffic system in the days following the earthquake. Major freeway damage occurred up to 32 km from the epicenter. Collapses and other severe damage forced closure of portions of 11 major roads to downtown Los Angeles.
One of two new, precast concrete garages that collapsed at Northridge Fashion Center.
Most damage was caused by shaking, but ground failure and several dozen fires triggered by the earthquake also caused substantial damage. There were extremely strong ground motions--among the strongest ever recorded. This strong shaking and the epicenter's location within the densely built-up San Fernando Valley were major contributors to the large losses.
This earthquake occurred in one of the most well-prepared regions of the United States. Most of the structures in the affected area were built during the past three decades and were considered to be reasonably earthquake resistant. The percentage of buildings totally destroyed by the strong ground motion was very small, and most of the serious damage occurred within about 16 km of the epicentral area.
Left: The badly damaged tower of a new parking garage stair structure. Right: Office buildings in the epicentral area had extensive damage to interior fixtures and furnishings.
Because the earthquake occurred in the early morning and on a holiday, its effects were dramatically reduced from what they could have been. Any of several building collapses each could have caused hundreds of fatalities at a different time of day. Business losses were also moderated by the timing of the earthquake, as most manufacturing and service industries were closed down, and on-the-job injuries were minimized. Further, many businesses had strengthened older buildings before the earthquake, dramatically reducing the potential losses.
This was the third very destructive earthquake to occur in California in the last 23 years. The first was the Mw 6.6 San Fernando (Sylmar) Earthquake, affecting the same area in 1971; the second was the Mw 6.9 (Richter magnitude 7.1), 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake south of San Francisco. The 1994 event is the most damaging earthquake to strike the United States since the San Francisco Earthquake of 1906. In terms of
financial loss, the earthquake is also one of the worst natural disasters in U.S. history, comparable to Hurricane Andrew in 1992.
Geography and Seismicity
Northridge is about 32 km northwest of downtown Los Angeles and is within the suburban San Fernando Valley, which is a sprawling region of residential neighborhoods, apartment complexes, low-rise business and industrial parks, and shopping malls. The area's biggest and best-known geologic fault, the San Andreas, passes about 100 km to the east and north of the San Fernando Valley.
The earthquake occurred on a thrust fault along the northern fringes of the valley. The near-record strong ground motion generated by the earthquake was an indication of the significant risk presented by thrust-fault events of moderate magnitude. Accelerations in the range of 1.0g were recorded over a large area. Similar accelerations, including large vertical accelerations, have been recorded in the past, but at isolated locations and in very limited numbers. Numerous detailed EQE investigations have pointed out that such ground motions were typical in the epicentral areas of many past earthquakes, particularly thrust-type earthquakes such as those in San Fernando in 1971, Coalinga in 1983, Chile in 1985, New Zealand in 1987, and Armenia in 1988.
While this is a major earthquake in terms of its damage, there is no indication that its occurrence has reduced the probability for a stronger earthquake in the next 30 years on a major fault in the Los Angeles region. The probabilities remain in the range of 5% to 10% per year that a major earthquake will strike Southern California. It will be most destructive if it strikes on a major fault such as the Newport-Inglewood Fault or on the San Andreas Fault in the vicinity of Riverside.
1971 San Fernando Earthquake and Comparison to 1994 Earthquake
This was the second time in 23 years that this region has been affected by a strong earthquake. On February 9, 1971, a magnitude 6.6 event struck the San Fernando Valley, about 32 km northeast of the epicenter of the 1994 event. The 1971 earthquake caused 58 fatalities and about 2,000 injuries. At the time, the 1971 earthquake was the most destructive event to affect greater Los Angeles since the magnitude 6.3 Long Beach Earthquake of 1933, and it prompted an extensive reevaluation and update of the building codes. Direct damage to buildings and other structures exceeded $0.5 billion (1971 dollars).
A collapsed overpass from the 1971 San Fernando Earthquake. This interchange (Interstate 5 and State Route 14) was also badly damaged in the 1994 Northridge Earthquake.
The San Fernando Valley was a recently developed suburban area in 1971. More than 90% of its houses and other buildings were constructed after the first earthquake design requirements had been incorporated into the local building code in 1933. The greatest number of earthquake-related fatalities occurred in the collapse of several 1920s and 1930s concrete-frame buildings at a hospital.
Building damage in the 1994 Northridge Earthquake was widespread, including collapses of both old and new structures. Damage south of the Hollywood Hills was relatively spotty and was concentrated in older buildings and on softer soils--except in Santa Monica, located directly south of the epicentral area, which had extensive damage. Significant structural damage was reported up to 77 km from the epicenter.
The major difference between the two events was their location. The 1971 shock was centered in the middle of the San Gabriel Mountains and released most of its energy in lightly inhabited areas. It caused strong ground shaking only at the northeastern end of the valley. In contrast, the 1994 event was centered within the San Fernando Valley, with a population of some 3 million. This resulted in far greater damage. The timing of the 1994 earthquake, however, kept the number of fatalities to about the same as in 1971.
The roof collapsed in this strip shopping mall concrete tilt-up.
Types of Damage
While many in the earthquake engineering profession were not surprised by the type of damage seen, the general public was shocked by its extent and severity. It is not generally understood that many older buildings have not been strengthened to current code requirements, and that the goal of most current code requirements for new buildings is to prevent loss of life in an earthquake, not to protect the investment in a structure or its contents. Further, there are no requirements for privately owned buildings to be retrofitted to current standards, other than some municipal requirements to improve the earthquake resistance of old unreinforced masonry buildings.
This earthquake also caused extensive destruction of building interiors. Because of the intense shaking and heavy damage to other building elements, sprinkler piping was frequently severed and systems were rendered useless on a much wider scale than has been seen in other earthquakes. Interior partitions, furniture, ceilings, and HVAC and other equipment were destroyed with a thoroughness never before seen on such a scale.
Soft (very flexible) stories, which current building codes attempt to discourage, collapsed and caused loss of life. Concrete-frame buildings and concrete parking structures were seriously damaged, and many collapsed. Steel high rises and other steel buildings generally performed well, although there was significant and widespread damage to a number of steel buildings throughout the area. Concrete tilt-ups, including many office buildings, failed in great numbers.
Retrofit Programs and Code Changes
Probably the most important lesson of this earthquake was that seismic strengthening and risk-reduction programs proved very effective, both in saving lives and in maintaining business operations. Companies that had implemented such programs in the San Fernando Valley can point to some major successes. Several large companies that had strengthened their buildings beforehand had minimal business interruption and avoided substantial losses, potentially totaling in the hundreds of millions of dollars in some cases.
Older concrete-frame buildings frequently present a greater risk than do unreinforced masonry buildings, because they are typically larger and house many more people. To prevent these structures from causing fatalities in the future, it seems reasonable to require retrofitting of such privately owned structures on some prioritized basis, consistent with their occupancy and risk level. A similar program of retrofitting soft-story wood-frame apartment buildings may also be needed. The State of California has already established a retrofit program for its public buildings.
The earthquake caused spectacular collapses and dramatic failures of major modern structures, including new structures. New reinforced concrete garages and many relatively new tilt-up concrete and other buildings collapsed or were severely damaged. The Uniform Building Code, which controls the design of new structures in California, may need major revisions in order to reflect the lessons from this earthquake.
Revisions to the code currently under consideration, if accepted, will for the first time offer options to build for levels of resistance greater than the basic goal of ensuring life safety. Several levels of earthquake resistance may be codified that are intended to give engineers and owners the opportunity to design a structure to ensure usability after an earthquake. In addition to reducing or eliminating business interruption, these higher levels of resistance will also provide an extra margin of life safety.
The second story of this concrete-frame building collapsed, bringing the rest of the building down on top of it.
Implications for Other Regions
This earthquake is a warning not only to the rest of California, but to all earthquake regions. The record ground accelerations for a metropolitan region and the damage that they caused in about 15 seconds can occur in or near major cities throughout the world, including all densely populated areas of the Pacific Rim, much of the Mediterranean and Balkans, and much of the Middle East. In the United States, this applies not only to California but to the Pacific Northwest (both of the United States and Canada), the Central Mississippi Valley, the Salt Lake City area, the Charleston area, and other earthquake-prone regions of the country.
A similar earthquake in Seattle, Vancouver, Salt Lake City, or near Saint Louis, for example, would cause far more significant damage to those cities because structures there are typically designed for much lower seismic forces, if any, than are comparable buildings in the San Fernando Valley. In addition, these and other cities adopted seismic-resistive building codes at much later dates. Many buildings, including modern structures and high rises, could collapse.
In metropolitan Tokyo, a similar earthquake would subject a far greater number of buildings than those in the San Fernando Valley to very high accelerations, possibly accelerations well beyond those used by Japanese building codes for new construction. Much of the new construction in Japan is structural steel and is expected to perform reasonably well. However, Tokyo also has tens of thousands of older, reinforced concrete buildings much like the older concrete buildings that collapsed in the San Fernando Valley. Further, much of Tokyo, and particularly much of the industry that encircles the waterfronts along Tokyo Bay, is built on soft soil and fill. Many of these soft soils and landfills will dramatically amplify the ground motion and are likely to fail through liquefaction.
A column from the badly damaged Santa Monica Freeway (Interstate 10).
Conclusion
Every earthquake provides us with lessons. The Northridge Earthquake did not yield significant new lessons, and it is encouraging to note that our knowledge of how structures behave in earthquakes is converging rather than diverging. The performance of some steel buildings was the one area that was somewhat surprising, but in general those structures that experienced seismic engineers expected to perform well in fact did perform well. Changes should be forthcoming to future editions of the building code, but they will generally be based on knowledge we have had for some time. The challenge is to convince building owners, developers, architects, and government officials that engineering and construction costs to develop more earthquake-resistant buildings are cost-effective and practical. The long-term benefits are worth the up-front investment. With this earthquake and the Loma Prieta Earthquake, we have examples that show beyond a doubt that investing in retrofits for existing, vulnerable buildings will yield safety and financial benefits.
8.9%
12.4%
